为了探究船舶柴油机燃用不同燃料的黑碳排放特性，对一台低速二冲程船舶柴油机进行稳态工况试验，试验中使用了轻柴油（D100）、生物柴油（Bio50、Bio30、Bio10）、低硫重油（Low Sulfur Fuel Oil，LSFO）以及高硫重油（High Sulfur Fuel Oil，HSFO）共6种燃料。结果表明，燃用D100以及生物柴油时，黑碳排放浓度相较燃用重油时显著降低，并且随着生物柴油掺混比例的增加，减排效果愈明显，最大加权下降率达到了80%；燃用重油时，在中高负荷工况下，滤纸式烟度计的测量值明显高于声光式烟度计，二者的最大相对偏差达到了40%以上；随着负荷上升，黑碳排放浓度逐渐降低，NOx排放浓度升高，CO排放浓度下降。燃用生物柴油时，NOx排放浓度相较其余燃料更高，而CO排放浓度相对更低；燃用生物柴油时，缸内最大爆发压力明显高于其余燃料，缸压曲线面心前移说明此时燃料燃烧放热迅速，能量转换效率高，但由于生物柴油的净热值较低，故使用生物柴油时，燃油消耗率偏高。本文研究结果可为船舶黑碳减排技术的研发与相关排放法规的制定提供参考。
In order to investigate the black carbon emission characteristics of marine diesel engines fueled with different fuels, steady-state operating conditions tests were conducted on a low-speed two-stroke marine diesel engine, six fuels were used in the tests, including distillate diesel (D100), biodiesel (Bio50, Bio30, Bio10), low sulfur heavy oil (LSFO), and high sulfur heavy oil (HSFO). The results show that when using the D100 and biodiesel, the black carbon emission concentration is significantly reduced compared with that of heavy fuel oil, and the black carbon emission reduction effect is more obvious with the increase of biodiesel blending ratio, with a maximum weighted reduction rate of 80%; when using heavy oil, under medium to high load conditions, the measurement results of the filter-type smoke meter are significantly higher than those of the photoacoustic smoke meter, with a relative deviation of over 50% between the two; as the load increases, the concentration of black carbon emissions gradually decreases, the concentration of NOx emissions increases, and the concentration of CO emissions decreases, when using biodiesel, the concentration of NOx emissions is higher than other fuels, while the concentration of CO emissions is relatively lower; When using biodiesel, the maximum peak pressure in the engine cylinders is significantly higher than that of the other fuels, and the forward shift of the center of the cylinder pressure curve means that the fuel combustion exotherm is rapid and the energy conversion efficiency is high, but due to the lower net calorific value of biodiesel, so the brake specific fuel consumption is higher when using biodiesel. The results of this paper can provide a reference for the R & D of ship black carbon emission reduction technologies and the formulation of relevant emission regulations.
2024,46(17): 101-109 收稿日期：2023-9-4
DOI：10.3404/j.issn.1672-7649.2024.17.017
分类号：U664.121.1
作者简介：温苗苗(1981-),女,博士,高级工程师,研究方向为船舶污染物排放控制
参考文献：
[1] 朱晓晶, 钱岩, 李晓倩, 等. 黑碳气溶胶的研究现状: 定义及对健康、气候等的影响[J]. 环境科学研究, 2021, 34(10): 2536-2546
[2] BOND T C, DOHERTY S J, FAHEY D W, et al. Bounding the role of black carbon in the climate system: A scientific assessment[J]. Journal of Geophysical Research: Atmospheres, 2013, 118(11): 5380-5552.
[3] GUSTAFSSON Ö, RAMANATHAN V. Convergence on climate warming by black carbon aerosols[J]. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, 2016, 113(16): 4243-4245.
[4] SCHLAERTH H, KO J, SUGRUE R, et al. Determining black carbon emissions and activity from in-use harbor craft in Southern California[J]. Atmospheric Environment, 2021, 256: 118382.
[5] ANENBERG S C, MILLER J, HENZE D K, et al. The global burden of transportation tailpipe emissions on air pollution-related mortality in 2010 and 2015[J]. Environmental Research Letters, 2019, 14(9): 094012.
[6] ANENBERG S, MILLER J, HENZE D, et al. A global snapshot of the air pollution-related health impacts of transportation sector emissions in 2010 and 2015[J]. International Council on Clean Transportation: Washington, DC, USA, 2019.
[7] ANENBERG S C, SCHWARTZ J, SHINDELL D, et al. Global air quality and health co-benefits of mitigating near-term climate change through methane and black carbon emission controls[J]. Environmental Health Perspectives, 2012, 120(6): 831-839.
[8] LIU M, KRONBAK J. The potential economic viability of using the Northern Sea Route (NSR) as an alternative route between Asia and Europe[J]. Journal of Transport Geography, 2010, 18(3): 434-444.
[9] BEKKERS E, FRANCOIS J F, ROJAS‐ROMAGOSA H. Melting ice caps and the economic impact of opening the Northern Sea Route[J]. The Economic Journal, 2018, 128(610): 1095-1127.
[10] COMER B, OLMER N, MAO X, et al. Prevalence of heavy fuel oil and black carbon in Arctic shipping, 2015 to 2025[J]. 2017.
[11] 袁雪. 北极海运黑碳排放的国际治理: 现状、挑战与制度构建[J]. 太平洋学报, 2019, 27(7): 41-54.
[12] COUNCIL A. Arctic marine shipping assessment 2009 report[J]. Protection of the Arctic Marine Environment Working Group, 2009.
[13] IMO C. Fourth IMO GHG study 2020[J]. International Maritime Organization London, UK, 2020.
[14] COMER B, OSIPOVA L, GEORGEFF E, et al. The international maritime organization’s proposed arctic heavy fuel oil ban: Likely impacts and opportunities for improvement[R]. The International Council on Clean Transportation, 2020.
[15] MASSON-DELMOTTE V, ZHAI P, PÖRTNER H O, et al. Global Warming of 1.5 C: IPCC special report on impacts of global warming of 1.5 C above pre-industrial levels in context of strengthening response to climate change, sustainable development, and efforts to eradicate poverty[M]. Cambridge University Press, 2022.
[16] 胥苗苗. IMO“黑碳”减排行动[J]. 中国船检, 2015(3): 49-51.
[17] IMO Secretariat. Report of the Marine Environment Protection Committee on its Sixty-Eighth Session (No. MEPC 68/21). International Maritime Organization, 2015.
[18] IMO Secretariat. Report to the Marine Environment Protection Committee (No. PPR 5/24)[R]. International Maritime Organization, 2018.
[19] IMO Secretariat. Report to the Marine Environment Protection Committee (No. PPR6/20/Add.1)[R]. International Maritime Organization, 2019.
[20] IMO Secretariat. Report to the Marine Environment Protection Committee (No. PPR7/22)[R]. International Maritime Organization, 2020.
[21] AZZARA A, MINJARES R, RUTHERFORD D. Needs and opportunities to reduce black carbon emissions from maritime shipping[J]. Assessment, 2015, 118(11): 5380-5552.
[22] BREWER T L. Black carbon problems in transportation: technological solutions and governmental policy solutions[C]//MIT CEEPR Conference, 2017.
[23] BERGTHORSON J M, THOMSON M J. A review of the combustion and emissions properties of advanced transportation biofuels and their impact on existing and future engines[J]. ReNewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews, 2015, 42: 1393-1417.
[24] ISO 8178-3: 2019. Reciprocating internal combustion engines - Exhaust emission measurement - Part 3: Test procedures for measurement of exhaust gas smoke emissions from compression ignition engines using a filter type smoke meter.
[25] 周松, 肖友洪, 朱元清. 内燃机排放与污染控制[M]. 北京: 北京航空航天大学出版社, 2010.
